15
May
by Jeffrey C Kadlowec, Registered Architect The rapid growth of city centers around the world are creating new challenges for engineers and infrastructures. Increased pollution, urban flooding and water scarcity have become apparent over the past decades. Low impact development (LID), best management practices (BMPs), sustainable urban drainage (SuDS), and water sensitive urban design (WSUD) have emerged as the prominent strategies to control urban runoff [Zhu 2022]. Bio-retention, green roofs, grassed swales, and permeable pavement are essential measures of a Sponge City (SC) to provide and maintain natural ecosystems. Life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) measure and.
